The problem of overcoming the significant social differences between town and country is primarily a problem of socialist transformation of the village, a problem of raising various aspects of rural life to urban standards, whether this pertains to improving the basis of production in materials and equipment, the forms of property, the gradual transformation of agricultural into industrial labor, elevation of the level of organization of rural work forces and voluntary organizations and of the level of people's education and culture, (...) or the degree of civilization of their daily lives. (shrink)

Lettere filosofiche.--Apologia d'un pazzo.--Scritti vari.--Corrispondenza.--Lettera di Schelling a Čaadàev.

Filosofskoe i publit︠s︡isticheskoe nasledie -- Iz pisem -- Slovo sovremennikov o Chaadaeve -- Slovo potomkov.

Chaadayev's Philosophical Letters and Apology of a Madman unite the religious approach to history, which was later adopted by the Slavophiles, with the search for Western enlightenment, symbolized in the figure of Peter the Great. - Front flap.

Comparative study of the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika philosophical systems of classical India and phenomenology of modern West.

The tableaux-constructions have a number of properties which advantageously distinguish them from equivalent axiomatic systems . The proofs in the form of tableaux-constructions have a full accordance with semantic interpretation and subformula property in the sense of Gentzen’s Hauptsatz. Method of tatleaux-construction gives a good substitute of Gentzen’s methods and thus opens a good perspective for the investigations of theoretical as well as applied aspects of logical calculi. It should be noted that application of tableau method in modal, tense, relevant (...) and other non-classical logics is connected with serious difficulties. Tableaux variants are constructed only for a few normal modal systems. As to relevant and paraconsistent logic, the absence of its tableau variants may be considered as a question of special interest. We shall formulate the tableaux for propositional modal system S4.1, S4.2, S4.3, S4.4 and relevant R∗ and E ∗ using Beth’s tableaux construction with indexed formulas. (shrink)

Gentlemen! Let me take advantage of the hospitality of Petersburg University to appear here in a setting that is new to me, in front of a new audience, in order to state and defend the principles that for many years now I have been reiterating from my own rostrum and in my own writings.

Anyone who knows Solov'ev mainly from his mystical speculations and aspirations will of course be surprised to hear that he was a brilliant and outstanding representative of the philosophy of law. One is not immediately able to see how such a supremely real and practical idea as the idea of law [pravo] was able to find a place among his dreams and prophecies. And yet we have all the evidence to affirm that this idea was for him one of the (...) most important and precious. It would be an act of unfairness toward the late philosopher, at this solemn celebration of his memory, to forget that aspect of his activity, which he bequeathed to us to remember and esteem. (shrink)

The proportionalist position on the revision of the principle of double effect is now an important feature of moral discourse in contemporary Roman Catholic theological discussion. While its claim to being rooted in the work of Saint Thomas Aquinas is defensible, its view on the universal applicability of proportionate reasoning for determining the moral rightness or wrongness of actions is not without problems in some key areas, such as the distinction between direct and indirect consequences of an action. Indeed, proportionalists (...) often argue in manners that would suggest that they have discarded this distinction outright. Such a result, it is argued, would be a grave error for Christian ethics. (shrink)

Since the time of Ivan the Terrible, the history of Russia has been a succession of astonishing flights and falls. The sacrifices made by the Russian narod on the altar of development are so great, and the achievements so incommensurate with the efforts expended, that a number of questions must arise: Why do things happen this way? Why does Russia not develop "normally"? And what is "normal" development? Is it possible for Russia, and under what conditions? What are the causes (...) of the oddities in Russian development? (shrink)

O velichii cheloveka -- Ocherki teorii pola -- Igra v sobstvennostʹ. Osnovanii︠a︡ sot︠s︡ialʹnoĭ fiziki.